When speaking about graphene, we must initially state the all-natural mineral graphite that is extensively present in our day-to-day live.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are set up layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the very same layer “hold hands” and are very closely linked, but the combination of carbon atoms between different layers hangs, like a pile of playing cards. With a mild push, the cards will move apart.
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From the point of view of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the very same layer kind covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is connected to three other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms form a regular hexagonal ring on the same aircraft, stretching to form a sheet framework.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, then graphene is just one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material made up of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite consists of about 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is tough to remove a single layer framework.
More than twenty years earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, believed that there need to be a means to get a solitary layer of graphite.
Just how can a single layer of graphite be removed? Researchers took an extremely “straightforward and crude” approach – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we create a typo theoretically, we will stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, researchers frankly associate that if tape can stick to the surface area of paper, can it additionally stick to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided right into two. Although the density of graphite currently is still much from that of a single layer of graphite, researchers have verified the expediency of this approach – each time the tape is utilized, the graphite comes to be thinner. By demanding using this “mechanical exfoliation method” to duplicate the procedure, they lastly got a thin sheet consisting of only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nonetheless, this method of consistently scrubing graphite sheets with tape to obtain graphene has low manufacturing performance and can only be made use of to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the renovation of scientific and technical levels, the preparation approach of graphene has likewise made terrific development. Currently, along with this standard physical and mechanical exfoliation method, there are also lots of techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent exfoliation method, chemical vapor deposition, etc
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